Article 19 of The Constitution of India (Original Text):
- Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.—
- (1) All citizens shall have the right—
- (a) to freedom of speech and expression;
- (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms;
- (c) to form associations or unions 2[or co-operative societies];
- (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India;
- (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; 1[and]
- [(f)*Sub-clause (f) omitted by s.2, ibid. (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).]
- (g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.
- (2) Nothing in sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the operation of any existing law, or prevent the State from making any law, in so far as such law imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause in the interests of 4[the sovereignty and integrity of India], the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.
- (3) Nothing in sub-clause (b) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of 4[the sovereignty and integrity of India or] public order, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause.
- (4) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of 4[the sovereignty and integrity of India or] public order or morality, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause.
- (5) Nothing in 5[sub-clauses (d) and (e)] of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of any of the rights conferred by the said sub-clauses either in the interests of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any Scheduled Tribe.
- (6) Nothing in sub-clause (g) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the general public, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause, and, in particular, nothing in the said sub-clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it relates to, or prevent the State from making any law relating to,—
- (i) the professional or technical qualifications necessary for practising any profession or carrying on any occupation, trade or business, or
- (ii) the carrying on by the State, or by a corporation owned or controlled by the State, of any trade, business, industry or service, whether to the exclusion, complete or partial, of citizens or otherwise.
Explanation-Article 19 of The Constitution of India:
1. Rights of Citizens
All citizens shall have the right to:
(a) Freedom of speech and expression;
(b) Peaceful assembly without arms;
(c) Form associations or unions or co-operative societies;
(d) Move freely throughout the territory of India;
(e) Reside and settle in any part of the territory of India;
(g) Practice any profession, or carry on any occupation, trade, or business.
2. Limitations on Freedom of Speech and Expression
Nothing in clause (1)(a) shall affect existing laws or prevent the State from making laws imposing reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech and expression in the interests of sovereignty and integrity of India, security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency, morality, contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to an offense.
3. Limitations on Right to Assemble
Existing laws or State-made laws imposing reasonable restrictions on the right to assemble in the interests of sovereignty and integrity of India or public order shall not be affected by clause (1)(b).
4. Limitations on Right to Form Associations or Unions
Existing laws or State-made laws imposing reasonable restrictions on the right to form associations or unions in the interests of sovereignty and integrity of India, public order, or morality shall not be affected by clause (1)(c).
5. Limitations on Rights to Move and Reside
Existing laws or State-made laws imposing reasonable restrictions on the rights to move and reside in the interests of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any Scheduled Tribe shall not be affected by clause (1)(d) and (e).
6. Limitations on Right to Practice Profession or Carry on Business
Existing laws or State-made laws imposing reasonable restrictions on the right to practice any profession or carry on any occupation, trade, or business in the interests of the general public shall not be affected by clause (1)(g). This includes laws regarding professional or technical qualifications necessary for practicing any profession or carrying on any occupation, trade, or business, and laws regarding the operation of trade, business, industry, or service by the State or State-controlled corporations.
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